财政分权对经济增长的实证研究

优秀作文让心灵充满阳光

ANTANANARIVO, Nov. 11 (Xinhua) -- visiting Chinese top legislator Wu Bangguo met here Tuesday with Madagascan Prime Minister Charles Rabemananjara. The two sides exchanged views on bilateral trade ties and reached important consensuses.     Wu, chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC), said China's top legislature has attached great importance to development of the political ties between the two countries, and that the substantial cooperation is of key concerns for both sides.     China will expand the cooperation with Madagascar in fields like energy, mining, hydropower, agriculture and human resource, and encourage the Chinese companies to establish projects with their Madagascar counterparts, Wu said. Madagascan Prime Minister Charles Rabemananjara(L) meets with Wu Bangguo, chairman of the Standing Committee of China's National People's Congress(NPC), the country's top legislature, in Antananarivo, capital of Madagascar, Nov. 11, 2008.     "China will adopt open policies on technology transfer, use local labors and strengthen the training program for the Madagascan personnel in an effort to promote the local economic and social development," the top legislator told Rabemananjara.     Agreeing with Wu's views on the bilateral cooperation, Rabemananjara, who is also Madagascar 's Chief of Government and Minister of Interior, expressed his profound gratitude and trust to the Chinese people for the assistance they provided when the country suffered economic difficulties.     The prime minister said that the Madagascan government would create favorable conditions to attract Chinese companies to establish businesses and further invest in the country.     The prime minister proposed to strengthen cooperation with China in fields of agriculture, renewed energy, infrastructure, public health and tourism.     At the invitation of President of Madagascar's National Assembly Jacques Sylla and Senate President Yvan Randriasandratriniony, Wu arrived here on Monday for a two-day official visit, the fourth leg of his five-nation African tour. Madagascan President Marc Ravalomanana(R) meets with Wu Bangguo, chairman of the Standing Committee of China's National People's Congress(NPC), the country's top legislature, in Antananarivo, capital of Madagascar, Nov. 11, 2008.

BEIJING, Jan. 3 (Xinhua) -- Chinese scholars and businessmen have hailed Hu Jintao's latest speech on Taiwan affairs, hoping that the mainland and Taiwan could have more communication and cooperation in 2009.     On the new year's eve, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee Hu Jintao made a speech at a ceremony to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the mainland's "Message to Compatriots in Taiwan", in which he made six proposals to promote the peaceful development of the cross-Straits relationship. Chinese President Hu Jintao addresses a ceremony commemorating the 30th anniversary of the announcement of Message to Compatriots in Taiwan, held in Beijing, capital of China, on Dec. 31, 2008. The Chinese mainland commemorated the 30th anniversary of the announcement of Message to Compatriots in Taiwan here Wednesday with a ceremony.     Zhou Zhihuai, executive vice president of National Society on Taiwan Studies, said that Hu's speech has combined the "one country, two systems" policy and the practice in the development of cross-strait relations.     "His remarks have made the path of peaceful reunification clearer and will be of historical significance in the progress of the cross-strait relations," he said.     Hu Youqing, vice president of All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots, said the Hu's speech will certainly receive positive responses from Taiwan.     "Hu's speech has answered some specific issues which people in Taiwan are mostly concerned about and proposed methods to promote the cross-strait relations with very a sincere attitude," Hu Youqing said.     Wu Nengyuan, director of institute of Taiwan studies with Fujian Academy of Social Science, expressed faith that people living on both the mainland and Taiwan would cherish the opportunities in year of 2009 and build on the significant progress in cross-strait exchanges made in 2008.     A famous artist Wang Chengxi suggested that the mainland and Taiwan should strengthen their ties by increasing communication inc ultural sectors since the common cultural background shared by both sides could more easily arouse spiritual attachment and sympathetic response.     Wang Wei, director of archeological institute with the Chinese Academy of Social Science, said that Hu's speech would promote academic and cultural exchange between the mainland and Taiwan. "All compatriots should join hands to continue the Chinese civilizations that has lasted for more than 5,000 years."     Kong Fanbing, a senior technical officer with the mainland-based Datang Telecom Technology Co. Ltd., said that Hu's speech will also benefit economic cooperation between the two sides.     "It is predictable that mainland telecom cooperation with Taiwan is very likely to be included in cross-strait economic cooperation mechanism in the future," Kong said.     "As a telecom professional, I look forward to the establishment of a mechanism to share technological resources between the mainland and Taiwan," he said.

BEIJING, Nov. 10 (Xinhua) -- The Chinese government will inject more funds for investment and improve investment structures to better cope with adverse global economic conditions, the State Council (Cabinet) decided at an executive meeting presided over by Premier Wen Jiabao on Monday.     To achieve "steady and relative fast" economic growth and prevent "economic ups and downs" amid global and domestic economic challenges was on top of the country's agenda, said Wen.     The government on Sunday announced it would launch a stimulus package estimated at 4 trillion yuan (570 billion U.S. dollars) to be spent over the next two years to finance programs in 10 major areas, such as low-income housing, rural infrastructure, water, electricity, transport, the environment and technological innovation.     "The country should strengthen management of large-scale investment projects, conduct feasibility studies in an earnest manner and increase investment efficiencies and profits," said a statement from the meeting, in which provincial leaders and Cabinet ministers participated.     Wen said the stimulus package was crucial to tiding over the difficulties and maintaining long-term economic growth momentum.     He urged local governments to be "quick" and "effective" in carrying out these measures with "large-scale" investment programs launched to boost domestic demand.     The meeting participants called for more efforts to increase incomes and consumption capabilities, raising low-income earnings, promoting the "stable and healthy" development of the property sector and maintaining steady export growth.     The country should endeavor to enhance competitiveness, improve financial macro-management and facilitate the steady and healthy development of the stock market.     China announced on Sunday that it would adopt "active" fiscal and "moderately active" monetary policies to expand domestic demand and speed up construction of public facilities.     The meeting also decided to push forward a series of key reforms, including restructuring the value-added tax regime, which could cut the tax burden on enterprises by 120 billion yuan next year.

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BEIJING, Jan. 6 (Xinhua) -- After successfully carrying out its first escort mission, the Chinese Navy prepares to cover another 11 domestic merchant vessels planning to travel around Somalia this week.     "We will actively provide information and necessary rescue services for those merchant ships passing through the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters," said He Jianzhong, spokesman with Ministry of Transport (MOT). A ship of China Ocean Shipping Group Company (COSCO) sails in the Gulf of Aden under the escort of a Chinese naval fleet (not seen in the picture) Jan. 6, 2009. The Chinese naval fleet arrived Tuesday in the waters of the Gulf of Aden off Somalia to carry out the first escort mission against pirates. Four Chinese ships, including one from China's Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, were escorted by the fleet.     A governmental spokesman said on Tuesday that the naval task force will protect a total of 15 Chinese merchant ships between Tuesday and Saturday.     Consisting of two destroyers and one supply ship, the naval fleet arrived in waters off Somali coast on Tuesday after a voyage of more than 4,400 nautical miles. It set sail on Dec. 26.     Soon after its arrival, the fleet conducted its first escort service for four Chinese merchant vessels, including one from Hong Kong.     The ship's cargo, origins and destinations were not released.     Under command of the fleet's flagship DDG-169 Wuhuan destroyer, the four merchant vessels sailed in a line formation and passed through the warship's patrolling area.     Surging piracy off the Somali coast has increasingly threatened internationals shipping. A total of 1,265 Chinese merchant ships passed through the Gulf of Aden last year. Seven were attacked by pirates.     One Chinese fishing ship, Tian Yu 8, and its 18 crew members were hijacked on Nov. 14, 2008. They are still being held by pirates.     The MOT announced Chinese merchant ships may ask for protection by applying to the China Shipowners' Association (CSA) and China Maritime Search and Rescue Center (CMSRC).     According to the commander of the Chinese Naval expedition, Real-Admiral Du Jingchen, the main task for the warships is to dispel pirates with their presence.     "We have started our escort mission and will conduct careful deployment and close contact with the vessels to secure their safety by strictly abiding by the U.N. resolutions and international laws," said Real-Admiral Du.     The fleet is carrying about 800 crew members including 70 soldiers from the Navy's special forces along with weapons such as missiles, canons and helicopters.     For the first phase of the escort mission, the fleet will patrol the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters for about three months, followed by possible replacement warships as needed.

BEIJING, Jan. 15 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao has ordered the Ministry of Railways (MOR) to "brainstorm for measures" to help travelers over the annual Spring Festival travel peak.     The ministry's website on Thursday reported a message from Hu, saying, "This year's Spring festival is facing a tougher supply-demand imbalance and the ministry has to brainstorm for measures to promote passenger convenience and open the measures to public. The ministry has to ensure a smooth and safe transportation during the peak season." Passengers head for their trains at the Beijing West Railway Station in Beijing Jan. 15, 2009. China's annual Spring Festival pessenger rush is getting started these days as the Spring Festival comes close    Senior officials Zhou Yongkang and Zhang Dejiang have also urged the ministry to investigate ticket shortage problems and take actions to guarantee tickets.     In response to the instructions, Vice Minister of Railways Wang Zhiguo said the ministry had ordered to suspend cargo services to allow more passenger trains in the busiest southern and eastern regions. Short-distance passenger trains would be suspended for more long-distance trains. Hard sleepers would be changed to seats.     The ministry will also transfer passenger trains serving northeast and northwest areas to south and east China and improve schedules of temporary trains, especially those for students and migrant workers.     Meanwhile, tickets will be sold only in the railway ticket sales network, except for group tickets for students and migrant workers. Hotels, restaurants and travel agencies are ordered to halt ticket booking services, and major stations will adopt 24-hour sales.     Stations have to set up counters for students and send staff to sell tickets in schools and places where migrant workers gather.     Sales staff are prohibited from buying tickets for others, from carrying cash and mobile phones during work hours, from keeping personal belongings on the sales desk.     Wang also apologized to passengers who had reacted angrily to a video posted online, which showed a sales lady in Beijing Railway Station printing 130 tickets for trains running to cities in the northeast.     Passengers had accused the station of scalping tickets. People queue up to buy train tickets at the Beijing West Railway Station in Beijing Jan. 15, 2009. China's annual Spring Festival pessenger rush is getting started these days as the Spring Festival comes close.     "On behalf of the ministry, I have to apologize to passengers for their unpleasant feelings and misunderstandings the incident has caused," Wang said. "The action was immediately investigated and turned out it was part of advance preparations to save time for passengers. There was no rumored collusion between railway staff and ticket scalpers."     He said the ministry pledged to crack down on scalpers and exert strict supervision on booking systems, including sales outlets and online booking.     Last December a nationwide campaign was launched to tackle ticket counterfeiting and scalping. As of Thursday, the authorities had detained 2,393 people in 2,009 scalping investigations and seized 78,237 tickets, of which 60,000 were counterfeit.     MOR spokesman Wang Yongping said insufficient transport capacity resulted in the short supply and scalpers made it worse.     Almost 188 million people are expected to travel by train in the holiday season, up 8 percent or 13.73 million from last year. The daily rail traffic will grow by 340,000 people to a record average high of 4.7 million.     From Jan. 1 to 10, the number of passengers leaving Beijing increased 29.4 percent year on year. The figure for Shanghai was 22.7 percent and Guangzhou 25.8 percent.     The Spring Festival rush started on Jan. 11. The first four days saw 18.15 million travelers nationwide, 4.538 million a day, up 8.5 percent from a year earlier.     Wang said the ministry had arranged a record 2,208 temporary trains, 253 more than the same period last year, and more were yet to come into service, but the supply was still far from enough, he added.     Wang Zhiguo said the ministry would start construction on up to 30,000 kilometers of new lines with investment of more than 2 trillion yuan (292.5 billion U.S. dollars) in two years.     Operational railways would stretch 110,000 kilometers by 2012 when the difficulty of obtaining a ticket would be much eased, he added. People queue up to buy tickets at the Changsha Railway Station in Changsha, capital of central-south China's Hunan Province, Jan. 8, 2009. The Spring Festival travel period, known as Chunyun in Chinese, began to see its passenger peak in Changsha as the college students and migrant workers started to return home.

BEIJING, Nov. 1 (Xinhua) -- In the space of a year, Yang Chanjuan's career plan has changed direction. A soon-to-graduate college student in economics, Yang is feeling her fortunes being buffeted by the financial crisis.     Yang was recently told by her schoolmates already working in the financial sector that their companies would cut staff, or there would no bonus this year. Amid the turmoil and full of uncertainty, a job in banking or securities company was no longer desirable to her. As a result, she decided to apply for a government job. Yang's change in career plan came as the financial crisis is spreading around the world. As it is now beginning to hit the real economy, more and more people, not only those in banks, have lost their jobs.     International Labor Organization (ILO) estimated earlier that the financial crisis would cost 20 million jobs globally by the end of 2009. The ILO said the new projections could prove to be underestimates if the effects of the current economic turmoil are not quickly confronted and plans laid for the looming recession. Migrant workers fill in application forms at a job fair in Chongqing, southwest China on Jan. 1, 2008. International Labor Organization (ILO) estimated earlier that the financial crisis would cost 20 million jobs globally by the end of 2009.    In the birthplace of the crisis, the United States, big companies from Goldman Sachs to Coca Cola, Motorola to Alcoa, have all announced their job cut plans. Economists believed the jobless total could increase by 200,000.     Back to China, unemployment now becomes a concern too. Although with 2-trillion U.S. dollars of foreign reserves, a budget surplus and a controlled capital market, China would suffer limited direct impact from the crisis. However, weakening demand from its major markets, North America and Europe, is now leading China's real economy in the export sectors into a tough situation.     In China's coastal areas, export enterprises are now struggling with soaring labor cost and fewer orders from foreign customers. Many toy factories in South China's Guangdong Province were shut from January to July this year.     Earlier last month, two big factories of a Hong Kong listed toy-maker were shut. As a result, 7,000 workers lost their jobs. Affected by the global financial crisis, the company was suspended from trading thus it faced severe shortage of current funds.     Statistics from the Ministry of Commerce showed that China's export suffered a growth slowdown in the first three quarters compared with the same period last year -- from 27.1 percent to 22.3 percent. The government said the gross domestic product (GDP)growth rate in the first three quarters this year slowed to 9.9 percent - a 2.3 percentage points fall compared with the same period last year.     "The greatest impact is on these labor-intensive, small and medium-sized export enterprises," said Wang Dewen, a labor economist from China Academy of Social Sciences.     These export-oriented enterprises that make China the world's workshop, are mainly small and medium-sized and vulnerable to market changes. These are China's major employers, absorbing 70 percent of the aggregate 20-million new jobs every year.     Wang said that the lower-end labor market, especially the migrant workers who are the biggest source of employees in the export enterprises, would suffer from unemployment. As the crisis is now just beginning to hit the real economy, the whole situation could be worse if there is no countermeasure.     The fear of unemployment is also hovering over other places. College students and white-collar workers are now worried about their future in the open market.

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BEIJING, Jan. 20 (Xinhua) -- Senior Communist Party of China (CPC) leader Zhou Yongkang underscored the importance of the rule of law in the country on Tuesday.     Zhou, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, made the remarks when addressing the 6th congress of the China Law Society at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.     President Hu Jintao, top legislator Wu Bangguo, Premier Wen Jiabao and Vice President Xi Jinping also attended the session.     In his address to the congress, Zhou first expressed appreciation and respect to all Chinese law workers for their contribution to the country.     Zhou said building a country ruled by law has always been the pursuit of the Chinese people.     He said after China initiated its reform and opening up drive 30 years ago, the country has seen remarkable progress in the improvement of its legal system, law education and research.     The principle of rule of law is the premise of the development of China and the well-being of the Chinese people, he said.     Zhou encouraged law workers in China to make further contributions to the country by giving advice on the country's development and safeguarding people's livelihood, thus help the country maintain economic growth and social stability.     Law workers must bear the people-first principle in their minds and try to safeguard the interests of the people according to law, when making or enforcing laws, and when providing legal services.     He also called for law workers to continue to popularize law education among the Chinese public, so that the whole society is encouraged to learn the laws, abide by the laws and use the laws to protect themselves.     Local party and government departments must help address the difficulties of law workers in order to create a favorable environment for law education and research and cultivate more law talents, Zhou demanded.     The China Law Society was founded in 1949 as a national association of legal scholars, jurists, law practitioners and an academic body of legal sciences. The society has now more than 140,000 members.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 16 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao and Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd on Sunday pledged joint efforts to expand bilateral cooperation at their meeting here.     The two leaders met on the sidelines of the Group of 20 (G20) summit on financial markets and the world economy.     Hu said China and Australia are witnessing healthy and rapid development of bilateral ties, with ever deepening mutual understanding and trust. Marked achievements have been secured in the mutually beneficial cooperation in trade, energy, environmental protection, technology, education, culture, law enforcement and tourism, he said. Chinese President Hu Jintao (R) shakes hands with Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd during their meeting in Washington Nov. 16, 2008Bilateral trade is growing rapidly and negotiations on a free trade agreement are making steady progress, the Chinese president said.     Hu said both sides are maintaining coordination on major global issues like climate change and the current financial crisis, and have seen increasing consensus and cooperation.     He pointed out that China and Australia face unprecedented opportunities for deepening all-round bilateral cooperation in the face of many global challenges to the international community.     China is ready to work with Australia to keep high-level contacts, enhance exchanges and dialogue and deepen mutual trust and cooperation on the basis of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, Hu said.     Rudd said Australia hopes to elevate bilateral relations to the level of a strategic partnership.     Australia is willing to open its doors to Chinese investment in the energy and raw material sectors and expects China to provide more opportunities for Australian products and services to enter the Chinese market, he said.     Australia hopes to enhance high-level political dialogue with China in international organizations and international affairs, and strengthen bilateral and multilateral consultations and cooperation, Rudd said.     The Chinese president described the G20 summit in Washington asa success and urged all sides involved to make joint efforts to implement the agreements reached at the meeting.     He also called for strong measures to stop the financial crisis from spreading further and to restore confidence and market stability.     All sides involved should adjust their macroeconomic policy and make full use of monetary and fiscal measures to promote growth and avoid a global recession, he said.     There is a need to steadily push forward reforms of the international financial system to make it conducive to the stability of financial markets and economic growth, he said.     China has adopted a series of measures to promote growth and boost domestic demand, Hu said, adding that these measures, while promoting China's economic growth, will also help stabilize the world economy.     Hu also said the measures will provide new opportunities for Australian businesses and called on both sides to seize the opportunities to promote bilateral trade and economic ties.     Rudd praised China's contributions to the positive outcome of the G20 summit and said China's recently-announced economic stimulus package is good news for both the Chinese and the world economy.     He said China's policies during the Asian financial crisis in 1997 contributed to the economic recovery and growth of the region, and Australia sees favorably China's similar actions this time.     Rudd expressed confidence that the current difficulties in the world economy will be overcome, and he said Australia hopes both sides will strengthen cooperation to jointly contribute to global economic growth.     The United States is the first leg of President Hu's five-nation tour, which will also take him to Costa Rica, Cuba, Peru and Greece.     During his stay in Peru, he will attend the Economic Leaders' Informal Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Lima. 

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BEIJING, Dec. 30 (Xinhua) -- President Hu Jintao, who is also the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, wants Chinese soldiers to adopt core military values.     The traditions include loyalty to country and its people, devotion to their career and upholding military glory.      Hu made the remarks in a recent meeting with senior military leaders in Beijing.     Those values should serve as a strong spiritual force for the soldiers to achieve all-round development and should guide them when implementing their missions, he said.     Hu added, soldiers should serve the people wholeheartedly and put people's interests above everything.

LIMA, Nov. 23 (Xinhua) -- Chinese President Hu Jintao said Sunday that China and Russia should strengthen strategic coordination at a time when the global political and economic structures are undergoing the most profound changes since the end of the Cold War.     Hu made the remarks at a meeting with his Russian counterpart Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of the 16th Economic Leaders' Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Lima, Peru.     China and Russia should make concerted efforts to overcome the impact of the ongoing global financial crisis, maintain the sound momentum of their economic growth, and push ahead with reforms of the international financial system, the Chinese president said. Chinese President Hu Jintao (R) shakes hands with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev during their meeting in Lima, capital of Peru, Nov. 23, 2008.    Hu also called for efforts to earnestly carry out the outline on implementing the Sino-Russian Good-Neighborly Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation.     The two nations should enhance consultation on strategic security, and conduct timely exchanges of views on major international and regional issues and coordinate their positions, Hu said.     On issues related to their core interests, China and Russia should continue to strengthen mutual support and coordination, he added.     Efforts should also be made to combine the development of the Sino-Russian strategic cooperative partnership with market-oriented policies, so as to further promote their pragmatic cooperation in various fields, he said.     As for the Six-Party Talks on the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula, Hu urged relevant parties to continue to strengthen coordination and cooperation, push forward the talks and strive for the gradual establishment of a mechanism for peace and security in Northeast Asia.     He expressed China's support for Russia's role as an initiator in the establishment of the mechanism, adding that the two countries should also enhance coordination in promoting regional economic cooperation.     Medvedev said the two countries should strengthen strategic consultation on issues relating to peace and security across the world and in the Asia-Pacific region.     Russia is willing to strengthen consultation and cooperation with China in jointly coping with the global financial crisis, the Russian president said.     The financial departments of the two countries could hold a meeting at an appropriate time to discuss how to implement the results of the financial summit of the G20 held a week ago in Washington and those of the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, he said.     On the Six-Party Talks, the Russian president said relevant parties should properly handle their differences and make efforts to push forward the talks and promote peace and security in Northeast Asia.