当代中国社会阶层研究报告

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BEIJING - Chinese share prices rebounded by 1.88 percent on Tuesday with the Shanghai Composite Index, which covers both A and B shares, closing at 5,285.45 points at the end of morning session.The Shenzhen Component Index on the smaller bourse ended at 17,213.70  points, up 0.87 percent.The rise came after a fund has been approved to open for additional subscriptions late this week, which is believed to be a new signal from the government to back up the stock market.On November 4, China's Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) issued a notice ordering fund firms not to expand the promised scale of their funds within six months.Heavy weights drove up the share prices. Sinopec went up by 6.58 percent while the new market heavy weight PetroChina by 2.88 percent. China Shenhua rose by 2.36 percent.Steel shares also jumped, with Baosteel, the nation's biggest steel producer, rising 4.10 percent to 15.75 yuan, and with Anyang steel up by 9.39 percent to 10.25 yuan.On Monday, the benchmark Shanghai Composite Index dropped 2.4 percent, or 127.81 points, to close at 5,187.73 points, after falling to as low as 5,032.58 points in intra-day trading.Last week, the Shanghai Composite Index fell 8 percent to 5,315.54, the biggest weekly loss during the past nine years.

XI'AN -- A fire burnt up trees and shrubs on a mountain that shrouds one of the most famed imperial mausoleums in the ancient city of Xi'an in northwest China's Shaanxi Province, but no damage was caused to the cultural relics, local museum officials said on Sunday.The fire broke out around 2:00 p.m. Saturday on the western part of a mountain that encased the tombs of a powerful Chinese empress Wu Zetian and her husband Gaozong in the Tang Dynasty (618-907). The Qianling Mausoleum, as the tombs are called, reportedly houses the most precious possessions of the two rulers, including paintings, ceramics, calligraphy works and jewelry articles.The fire was fanned up by sandstorms which struck the area on Saturday, said Fan Yingfeng, curator of the Qianling Museum.More than 100 local villagers and 15 fire-fighters managed to put out the fire around 3:10 p.m. on Saturday. About 30 trees and a few shrubs were lost to the blaze.Initial investigation showed the fire was caused by a deserted cigarette end in the dry grasses."Although the fire didn't cause any major damage, it reflected an urgent need to educate residents in neighboring villages to guard against fire risks," Fan said.He said lessons should be learnt from the destruction of a 600-year-old Namdaemun gate in Seoul, one of the most treasured landmarks in the Republic of Korea. The two-tiered gate was set ablaze by a man upset over a land dispute.

Five needy college students in Central China's Hubei Province are being denied further financial aid because they never expressed their thanks to the benefactors who helped them pay their bills last year.The beneficiaries, in Xiangfan, were said to have been indifferent to their sponsors because they never called, wrote or even thanked them for the financial support they had received, local media reported.Sina.com asked more than 200,000 people what they thought of the subject Wednesday, and more than 83 percent of respondents said they thought it was right to cut off the financial aid to the students. Roughly 9 percent said they did not agree and the rest said no comment.Under the aid program, organized by the Xiangfan Federation of Trade Unions and Xiangfan Women Entrepreneurs Association last August, 19 businesswomen offered financial support to 22 needy college students.Each benefactor promised to give 1,000-3,000 yuan (0-400) every year to each student for the next four years.The federation sent letters to the students and their families before they enrolled in college, suggesting they occasionally write letters to their sponsors to brief them on their studies. However, two-thirds of the students failed to do so.Some of the businesswomen refused to sponsor the students this year because they said "some students were cold-blooded"."The situation is embarrassing. Most of the students have a strong sense of pride. They lack a proper and optimistic attitude toward others and society. Maybe, some of them took the sponsorships for granted because they thought they were good students and deserved the support. That's why they didn't think to say 'thank you'."Zhou Ping, deputy chairperson of Xiangfan Federation of Trade Unions"We cannot refrain from eating for fear of choking on the food. It will not help these disadvantaged students to cut off their support. If they have faults, they should get help correcting them. Financial aid and other kinds of charity should focus on helping escape their difficulties, both spiritually and materially. "Zhou Xiaozheng, a professor of Renmin University of China in Beijing"Financial resources are limited, and many students are waiting to share them, so there is no room for ungrateful citizens who might have no will to repay society. There are many examples of impoverished students who spend their financial aid on luxury products, which discourages others from offering them donations."Li Chengpeng, a media commentator"I support cutting off the aid. The benefactors do not feel the value of their good deed and the beneficiaries do not feel grateful for the help. If the relationship is to be maintained, it might be harmful to both sides."Zhu Jun, a lawyer

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A shop assistant checks hundred yuan bank notes at a shop in Xiangfan, central China's Hubei province in this file photo. [Reuters]A senior U.S. Treasury official warned Congress on Thursday that a legislative drive to force China into letting its currency rise in value more quickly could backfire and do damage to the U.S. economy. Deputy Assistant Treasury Secretary Mark Sobel warned a House of Representative trade subcommittee that U.S. lawmakers risked creating a perception abroad that the United States is becoming "an isolationist nation" that does deserve foreign investment. "If the United States adopts currency legislation that is perceived abroad as unilateralist, investors' confidence in the openness of our economy could be dampened, diminishing capital inflows into the United States and potentially putting upward pressure on interest rates and prices," Sobel said. However, Ways and Means Trade Subcommittee Chairman Sander Levin, a Michigan Democrat, objected to the administration's description of congressional proposals as protectionist, and other lawmakers testifying on Thursday argued China's "unfair" trade practices required a strong U.S. legislative response. Two Senate committees have already approved legislation that aims to equip Treasury with new tools to pressure China into letting its yuan currency rise faster in value, which U.S. manufacturers say is necessary to eliminate an unfair price advantage for Chinese-made goods. Rep. Tim Ryan, an Ohio Democrat, said Congress should pass an even stronger bill -- such as one he has crafted with Rep. Duncan Hunter, a California Republican -- that would allow U.S. companies to seek countervailing duties against China's undervalued exchange rate. "Passage of a weak bill will only lead to many more years of inaction by the administration, loss of jobs and loss of critical U.S. manufacturing capability. We need legislation that will lead to action," Ryan said. A Republican committee member, Rep. Thomas Reynolds of New York, said there was bipartisan support for taking a tougher line with China than Treasury has followed so far. "Be ready for the fact that there's a boiling point in the Congress coming from the people of America saying we need to do better than what's happened so far," Reynolds said. After the hearing, Levin told reporters that House leaders would decide when Congress returns in September the best way to proceed with China currency and trade legislation. "I think we will look at all options," including the Ryan-Hunter bill, Levin said. He expressed confidence that Congress could craft legislation that presses China on the currency issue without violating World Trade Organization rules. But Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson has made clear that he does not want the additional legislative tools and that he prefers to seek a faster pace of economic reform in China through discussion, especially in a "strategic economic dialogue" that he initiated with Beijing last December. Sobel's appearance before the House subcommittee was a bid by Treasury to wave off more legislation in Congress, where anger at China has been mounting and has helped fuel the bid to force Beijing into faster currency appreciation. "We appreciate the frustrations of Congress with the slow pace of Chinese reform. Indeed, we strongly share those frustrations," Sobel said. "Yet we continue to believe that direct, robust engagement with China is the best means of achieving progress." Paulson has just returned on Wednesday night from his fourth trip to China since taking over Treasury just over a year ago. Again he was unable to persuade Chinese officials to offer any commitment to speed up currency reforms. Paulson told reporters in Beijing that Chinese officials whom he met, including President Hu Jintao, intended to move ahead with economic reforms including on currency but that the country's economic stability was critically important. The failure to get firm Chinese promises on currency has fed into a sense in Congress that China does not play fair on trade rules. Sobel said Paulson had "conveyed a strong message about the need for far more vigorous action by China to correct the undervaluation of renminbi (RMB), take immediate action to lift the RMB's value and achieve far greater currency flexibility." China's yuan is also known as the renminbi. David Spooner, the Commerce Department's assistant secretary for import administration, echoed some of Sobel's worry that Congress's actions could rebound against the United States because they might violate global trade rules. "I must make clear that the Department of Commerce is deeply concerned that the other legislative proposals that have been advanced to date raise serious concerns under international trade rules," Spooner said, adding that could trigger a global cycle of protectionist legislation. Similarly, the U.S. Trade Representative's deputy general counsel, Daniel Brinza, warned that Congress needed to beware approving legislative proposals that did not comply with rules set by the World Trade Organization. Doing so would undermine U.S. credibility when it tries to persuade others to abide by WTO rulings, Brinza said.

Effective preparations and accurate weather forecasts greatly reduced the number of casualties caused by typhoon Wipha, Zheng Guoguang, head of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA), said on Thursday."Up to now only five people have died from landslides triggered by the heavy rain. The number of casualties is rare in history," said Zheng.The fact that the central government has paid great attention to natural disasters was one of the reasons for the few casualties, while meteorological authorities stepped up forecasts to allow local governments to have time to evacuate people, Zheng added.A total of 2.67 million people in Zhejiang, Fujian, Shanghai and Jiangsu had been relocated by Wednesday, said the Ministry of Civil Affairs. The typhoon destroyed more than 9,600 houses and damaged 42,000 others.In Zhejiang alone, 1.79 million people were evacuated before Wipha struck, the largest mass evacuation in the history of the province. More than half a million were evacuated because their houses were in poor condition.Typhoon Wipha hit Wenzhou, in Zhejiang Province, at 2:30 am Wednesday but was later downgraded to a tropical storm.It turned into a temperate depression at noon on Thursday in the Yellow Sea, and was still weakening, according to the Liaoning Meteorological Observatory.

Investors monitor the movement of stock prices at a brokerage firm in Guangzhou, South China's Guangdong Province May 9, 2007. [newsphoto]China's main stock index hit a fresh all-time high after breaking a key barrier of 4,000 points due to the soaring blue chip stocks as investors shrugged off official warnings of a possible market bubble amid soaring corporate profits. The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index, the most widely watched indicator of the mainland's stock market, gained 1.60 percent to end at 4,013.08 points, breaching the psychologically important mark of 4,000 for the first time. That marks a gain of 50 percent so far this year on top of a 130 percent rally in 2006. Blue chip stocks showed strong performances. China Unicom, the nation's second largest wireless operator, jumped its daily limit of 10 percent to close at 6.35 yuan per share. Bank of China rose 7.77 percent to 6.10 yuan, while Industrial and Commercial Bank of China was up 5.47 percent to 5.78 yuan. The surge came after the Shanghai Composite Index was pushed to a new high in the previous session as new investor cash flooded in after the week-long May Day market recess and China's yuan broke the barrier of 7.70 against the US dollar. The consistent hitting of new highs since January was partly driven by the wave of money brought in by new investors. Some 4.787 million new A-share trading accounts were opened in April, more than the combined number of the previous two years, statistics from China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation. The figures for the new accounts are considered a rough indicator for the number of new individual investors entering the market. Analysts said the market may undergo drastic fluctation after the index breaks the 4,000 point mark, as worries about stock overvaluations build up. The stocks in the Shanghai and Shenzhen markets are trading at more than 40 times  earnings per share on average, much higher than developed markets overseas. The growing bubble in the country's stock market is a concern, said central bank governor Zhou Xiaochuan last week, adding he would closely monitor asset prices, the consumer price index and producer price index. Zhou's remarks added to speculation there could be an interest rate hike as early as next month. Xie Guozhong, former chief China economist for Morgan Stanley, suggested regulators should come up with certain policies to put the brakes on the surging stock market for the good of long-term economic development and social stability. "China's equity market is starting to show signs of getting out of control," said Zuo Xiaolei, chief economist of China Galaxy Securities in China Securities Journal on Wednesday The market rose even after the interest rate was hiked in March, and the bank reserve ratio was raised in April, said Zuo. "The neglect of policy and blindly pushing up the equity market fosters a big market risk," he claimed.

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BEIJING, March 12 (Xinhua) -- Financial operations of loan growth in China was steady in February with increasing individual deposits, the People's Bank of China reported on Wednesday.     Outstanding renminbi deposits among the country's financial institutions reached 40.49 trillion yuan (5.70 trillion U.S. dollars) in February, up 17.22 percent in comparison to the same period last year.     The growth was 2.10 percentage points higher than January, the central bank said in a statement.     In February, the outstanding value of all renminbi loans of financial institutions hit 27.22 trillion yuan, up 15.73 percent compared with the same period last year.     The growth was 1.01 percentage points lower than January, the central bank said.     China's M2, the broad measure of money supply, reached 42.10 trillion yuan in February, up 17.48 percent from a year earlier. The increment was 1.46 percentage points lower than the number in January.     The narrow measure of money supply, M1, rose 19.20 percent to 15.02 trillion yuan, but the increment was 1.52 percentage points lower than January.

The Chinese-African People's Friendship Association (CAPFA) will nominate 10 Africans Who Have Deeply Moved Chinese People next month, in a moved aimed at cementing civilian diplomacy between the two sides.The 10 candidates are expected to be unveiled at the next Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FCAC) late next year.Chen Haosu"CAPFA's recognition will benefit both peoples by enhancing mutual understanding and trust," Chen Haosu, president of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries, said.The awards will go to Africans "who have made great contributions to bilateral ties", Wang Tong, an representative of the CAPFA, said, adding that the association is identifying criteria of eligible candidates.The first round of nominations will involve all 131 councilors of the CAPFA, Liu Hongmin, also from the association, said."Our councilors include big Chinese entrepreneurs such as Huawei Technologies and ZTE, among others," he said. "They are the most suitable to put forward nominees because of their significant investments in Africa."Liu said the 10 winners will be just one part of the second China-Africa Friendship Award. The other part will be the 10 Chinese Who Have Deeply Moved the African People. This will be the second time such awards have been givenThe first 10 winners - which included doctors, journalists, scholars and politicians - were announced in Beijing during the FCAC in November 2006."These awards reflect sincere friendship and intense people-to-people communication, though China and Africa are distant from each other," Dai Yan, a former councilor in Ghana, said."But both peoples still have a long way to go to truly understand each other because of cultural differences," he said. More African people have traveled to China as bilateral ties have developed over the past years.The number of Africans coming to Guangzhou, capital of Guangdong province, has increased by 30 percent every year since 2003. Most of these newcomers are traders.The city now has about 20,000 African residents, Huang Shiding, of the Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences, estimated.Beyond the world of business, "500-600 African students are studying in universities and colleges in Beijing," Wang said.Meanwhile, on the other side of the globe, a growing number of Chinese people have settled down in Africa.In one reflection of the impact they are making, people in Nigeria crowned tribal chieftains from China in 2001 and 2007.

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Shanghai -- British Prime Minister Gordon Brown hailed a new era of environmental cooperation between Britain and China on Saturday and called for a renewed drive for a world trade deal.Brown visited a highly efficient gas-fired power station in Beijing and studied the plans for an environmentally friendly town to be built near Shanghai to underline his keenness to cooperate with China on fighting global warming."We now enter this new era of environmental cooperation," Brown told a news conference in Shanghai after listening to a presentation on Dongtan, billed as the world's first eco-city.Construction is due to start early this year at Dongtan, designed by British engineering firm Arup. It will use renewable energy and will not allow gasoline-fuelled cars.It is the first of a number of low-carbon eco-towns being planned by both Britain and China.Brown, who flies to India on Sunday, pleaded for progress in slow-moving talks on a new world trade agreement."I would like the talks which have now been stalled for some months to resume," he said.All sides would have to compromise to reach a deal but the differences can be bridged, Brown said."In the next few weeks I will ... talk to all the potential players as I've done with the Chinese government, as I will do tomorrow with the Indian government, (about) the importance of us moving forward to a trade agreement as soon as possible."

BEIJING - China said Monday it will use global positioning satellites to ensure food safety at the Beijing Olympics as it steps up efforts to blacklist manufacturers who violate safety regulations. Wang Wei, an executive vice president of the Beijing Olympic Committee, said the high-tech system will monitor food production, processing factories and food hygiene during the games to make sure healthy food is delivered to the 10,500 athletes residing in the Olympic Village. Food products will be affixed with an "Olympic food safety logistics code" and transportation vehicles will be tracked using global positioning satellites, Wang said. He did not provide further details of either plan. "The whole process will be monitored from the start of production through transportation to the end users," Wang said. "We are very confident about ensuring food safety in Beijing." Wang said extra measures would also be taken to ensure food safety for the general public. "During the games some special monitoring mechanisms will also be applied to monitor restaurants and public food sellers to let people know how they can buy safe food," he said. In a separate announcement, Beijing-based Qianxihe Food Group, an Olympic sponsor, said it had begun selling a hormone-free line of pork for the games, a company official said. The company's pigs have been fed food without hormones and are part of the "Olympics Special Supply Pork" range, which will be consumed by athletes and can be bought in supermarkets by ordinary citizens, said the official, who would give only her surname Tong. Wang's comments came after Vice Commerce Minister Gao Hucheng announced that 429 exporters have been blacklisted and punished for producing dangerously substandard products